Biochemistry
I. Bonding
A. Ionic Bonding
B. Covalent Bonding
C. Van der Waals forces
1. Hydrogen Bonding
II. Atom
A. Proton
1. Nucleus
B. Neutron
1. Isotope
An isotope is a different form of an element. An isotope has different amounts of neutrons compared to other forms of the element.
C. Electron
III. Monomers
A. Polymers
1. Carbohydrates
Store energy. Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Characterized by carbon rings.
a. Monosaccharides
b. Polysaccharides
(1) Oligosaccharide
(2) Polysaccharide
Glycogen
(3) Disaccharide
Sucrose is a disaccharride. It contains one glucose monomer and one fructose monomer.
2. Lipids
Store energy, cushion organs. Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Characterized by long fatty acid chains.
a. Unsaturated
Contains one or more double bonded carbons in the fatty acid chains.
b. Saturated
All single bonded fatty acid chains
3. Proteins
Used in muscles. Catalyzes many bodily functions. Composed of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen.
4. Nucleic Acids
a. DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
b. RNA
Ribonucleic acid
IV. pH
The amount of hydrogen ions in a solution. Water has a pH of 7.
A. Acid
1. Buffer
A solution that adjusts the number of hydrogen ions to keep the pH within a certain area.
B. Base
V. Water
A. Properties of Water
Cohesive and Adhesive. Has high surface tension. Has high specific heat Solid H2O is less dense than its liquid form.
B. Hydrolysis
Splitting of water into hydrogen ions and oxygen.